top of page

BIBLIOGRAPHY

The following are primary and secondary sources used in gathering information for the thesis.
 

Primary Sources

American Social Hygiene Association. The Case Against the Red Light, 1920. Pamphlet.

From VCU Libraries Gallery, Adèle Goodman Clark papers, 1849-1978. https://gallery.library.vcu.edu/items/show/82552 (accessed March 3, 2024).

C029 - Forced Labour Convention, 1930 (No. 29). 1930. From International Labour Organization,

Normlex Information System on International Labour Standards, https://www.ilo.org/dyn/normlex/en/f?p=NORMLEXPUB:12100:0::NO::P12100_ILO_CODE:C029 (accessed December 10, 2023). 

C105 - Abolition of Forced Labour Convention, 1957 (No. 105). 1957. From International Labour

Organization, Normlex Information System on International Labour Standards, https://www.ilo.org/dyn/normlex/en/f?p=1000:12100:0::NO::P12100_ILO_CODE:C105 (accessed February 28, 2023). 

Chin-sung Chung Research Team. “US-26 PHOTO OF KOREAN ‘COMFORT WOMEN’ IN

BURMA 2.” Comfort Women Resource Center. UCLA Center for Korean Studies, 2015. https://www.international.ucla.edu/cks/care/us_allieddocs/250924.  

Congress.gov. "H.R.3244 - 106th Congress (1999-2000): Victims of Trafficking and Violence

Protection Act of 2000." October 28, 2000. https://www.congress.gov/bill/106th-congress/house-bill/3244

Congress.gov. "H.R.3355 - 103rd Congress (1993-1994): Violent Crime Control and Law

Enforcement Act of 1994." September 13, 1994. https://www.congress.gov/103/bills/hr3355/BILLS-103hr3355enr.pdf

Convention for the Suppression of the Traffic in Persons and of the Exploitation of the Prostitution

of Others. General Assembly resolution 317 (IV). 1949. From United Nations, Human Rights Instruments, https://www.ohchr.org/en/instruments-mechanisms/instruments/convention-suppression-traffic-persons-and-exploitation (accessed March 1, 2023).

Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women New York. 1979.

From United Nations Human Rights Office of the High Commissioner, https://www.ohchr.org/en/instruments-mechanisms/instruments/convention-elimination-all-forms-discrimination-against-women

Delays signature of bill to abolish red light district--President gives social workers a chance to act.

 ca. 1914. [Jan] Photograph. https://www.loc.gov/item/2002719328/

Dodd, Mead & Company. “My Little Sister.” Advertisement. New York Times (1857-1922),

February 23, 1913.

Evening Public Ledger. (Philadelphia, PA). October 2, 1920.

https://www.loc.gov/item/sn83045211/1920-10-02/ed-1/

Hashimoto, Ryutaro. “Letter from Prime Minister to the Former Comfort Women.” Digital

Museum: The Comfort Women Issue and the Asian Women’s Fund, 1996. https://www.awf.or.jp/e6/statement-12.html

International Agreement for the Suppression of the "White Slave Traffic," 18 May 1904, 35 Stat.

1979, 1 L.N.T.S. 83, entered into force 18 July 1905. 1904. From University of Minnesota, Human Rights Library, http://hrlibrary.umn.edu/instree/whiteslavetraffic1904.html (accessed March 8, 2023). 

International Convention for the Suppression of the "White Slave Traffic," May 4, 1910, 211

Consol. T.S. 45, 1912 GR. Brit. T.S. No. 20, as amended by Protocol Amending the International Agreement for the Suppression of the White Slave Traffic, May 4, 1949, 2 U.S.T. 1999, 30 U.N.T.S. 23, entered into force June 21, 1951. 1910. From University of Minnesota, Human Rights Library, http://hrlibrary.umn.edu/instree/whiteslavetraffic1910.html (accessed August 22, 2023). 

International Convention for the Suppression of the Traffic in Women and Children. League of

Nations, Treaty Series, vol. 9. 1921, 415. From United Nations, Treaty Collection, https://treaties.un.org/pages/ViewDetails.aspx?src=TREATY&mtdsg_no=VII-3&chapter=7&clang=_en (accessed March 16, 2023). 

International Convention for the Suppression of the Traffic in Women of Full Age. League of

Nations, Treaty Series, vol. 150. 1933, 431. From United Nations, Treaty Collection, https://treaties.un.org/PAGES/ViewDetails.aspx?src=TREATY&mtdsg_no=VII-5&chapter=7&clang=_en (accessed August 22, 2023). 

“Keating-Owen Child Labor Act (1916).” National Archives. February 8, 2022.

https://www.archives.gov/milestone-documents/keating-owen-child-labor-act

Kono, Yōhei. “Statement by the Chief Cabinet Secretary.” Ministry of Foreign Affairs of

Japan, August 4, 1993. https://www.mofa.go.jp/a_o/rp/page25e_000343.html.

League of Nations. Report of the Special Body of Experts on Traffic in Women and Children. 1927.

From Berkeley Law Library Catalog, https://lawcat.berkeley.edu/record/1282899

McClure’s Magazine, “The Daughters of the Poor: A Plain Story of the Development of New York

City as a Leading Center of the White Slave Trade of the World, Under Tammany Hall.” Nov. 1909. From Internet Archive. https://archive.org/details/McCluresMagazineV34n01190911/page/n85/mode/2up  (accessed March 5, 2024).

New York Times. “Over 50,000 Girls Disappear In This Country Yearly.” Sept. 21, 1913. From

Proquest Historical Newspapers, https://brotheldrama.lib.miamioh.edu/50000-girls-disappear-a-year/

The Page Act of 1875 ( Immigration Act). 43rd Congress, 2nd Session. 1875. From San Diego State

University, https://loveman.sdsu.edu/docs/1875Immigration%20Act.pdf (accessed March 10, 2023).

Protocol to Prevent, Suppress and Punish Trafficking in Persons Especially Women and Children,

supplementing the United Nations Convention against Transnational Organized Crime. General Assembly resolution 55/25. 2000. From United Nations, https://www.ohchr.org/en/instruments-mechanisms/instruments/protocol-prevent-suppress-and-punish-trafficking-persons (accessed September 30, 2023).

The San Francisco call. (San Francisco, CA), Jan. 11, 1910.

https://www.loc.gov/item/sn85066387/1910-01-11/ed-1/

Shearer, photographer. “Korean ‘comfort women’ taken prisoner by the US military in Myitkyina,

Burma 2.” Photograph. Myitkyina, Army's 164th Signal Photographic Company. From Seoul Metropolitan Archive: collected photos related to Japanese military ‘comfort women’. https://archives.seoul.go.kr/item/135 (accessed February 10, 2024).

“United Nations Headquarters, Lake Success, N.Y.” Photograph. Lake Success, New York, ca.

1946. From New York Heritage Digital Collections: Great Neck Historic Postcards. https://cdm16694.contentdm.oclc.org/digital/collection/p15281coll10/id/1010/rec/9 (accessed November 9, 2023).

Universal Declaration of Human Rights. General Assembly resolution 217 A. 1948. From United

Nations, https://www.un.org/en/about-us/universal-declaration-of-human-rights (accessed March 15, 2023).

 The Washington Times. (Washington, DC). January 28, 1925.

https://www.loc.gov/item/sn84026749/1925-01-28/ed-1/

Yorichi, Alex. Japanese Prisoner of War Interrogation Report No. 49. United States Office of

War Information, 1944, pg. 1-7. From University of California Los Angeles Center for Korean Studies, Comfort Women Resource Center. https://international.ucla.edu/media/files/US-11-Japanese-Prisoner-of-War-Interrogation-Report-No.-49-Korean-Comfort-Women-cb-eyn.pdf

 

Secondary Sources

Allain, Jean. “White Slave Traffic in International Law.” Paris Legal Publishers, 2017.

“American Social Hygiene Association History and a Forecast.” Virginia Commonwealth University

Libraries. March 6, 2018. https://socialwelfare.library.vcu.edu/programs/health-nutrition/american-social-hygiene-association-history-and-a-forecast/.

“American Social Hygiene Association Posters for Girls.” Virginia Commonwealth University

Libraries. March 5, 2018. https://socialwelfare.library.vcu.edu/programs/health-nutrition/american-social-hygiene-association-posters-for-girls/

Arguelles, Dennis. “Remembering the Manongs and Story of the Filipino Farm Worker

Movement.” May 25, 2017. https://www.npca.org/articles/1555-remembering-the-manongs-and-story-of-the-filipino-farm-worker-movement

“Article I.” Cornell Law School. Accessed December 10, 2023.

https://www.law.cornell.edu/constitution/articlei#section8

Burns, Ken. “Unforgivable Blackness: The Rise and Fall of Jack Johnson.” PBS. Accessed

December 10, 2023. https://www.pbs.org/kenburns/unforgivable-blackness/mann-act/

Chisolm-Straker, Makini, Katherine Chon, Jean Baderschneider, Griffin Thomas Black, Kimberly S.

G. Chang, John Cheng, Katherine Chin, et al. The Historical Roots of Human Trafficking. Edited by Makini Chisolm-Straker and Katherine Chon. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2021. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-70675-3.

Chuang, Janie.  “EXPLOITATION CREEP AND THE UNMAKING OF HUMAN TRAFFICKING

LAW.” The American Journal of International Law 108, no. 4 (2014): 609–49. https://doi.org/10.5305/amerjintelaw.108.4.0609.

“‘Complete Nudity Is Never Permitted’: The Motion Picture Production Code of 1930.” George

Mason University History Matters. Accessed March 3, 2024. https://historymatters.gmu.edu/d/5099/

Donovan, Brian. White slave crusades race, gender, and anti-vice activism, 1887-1917. Urbana:

University of Illinois Press, 2006.  

 

“Filipino American Farmworkers Fight for Their Rights.” The Asian American Education Project.

Accessed March 18, 2024. https://asianamericanedu.org/larry-itliong-cesar-chavez-grape-strike.html

Ferdinand, Marilyn. “Film Essay for ‘Traffic in Souls.’” Library of Congress, n.d.

https://www.loc.gov/static/programs/national-film-preservation-board/documents/traffic_souls.pdf

Gersen, Jeannie Suk. “Seeking the True Story of the Comfort Women.” The New Yorker

online. Condé Nast, February 25, 2001, www.newyorker.com/culture/annals-of-inquiry/seeking-the-true-story-of-the-comfort-women-j-mark-ramseyer.

Gilmer, Doug. “The Department of Homeland Security’s History in Countering Human

Trafficking.” Homeland Security Today.us, January 26, 2024, https://www.hstoday.us/featured/the-department-of-homeland-securitys-history-in-countering-human-trafficking/

Giovagnoni, Becky and Amber Van Schooneveld. “The History of Human Trafficking.” The Exodus

Road, January 22, 2022. https://theexodusroad.com/history-of-human-trafficking/

Goldman, John J. “7 Charged in N.Y. Ring Exploiting Deaf Immigrants.” July 21, 1997.

https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1997-jul-21-mn-14788-story.html

Harris, Leslie J. “The White Slavery Controversy, Women’s Bodies, and the Making of Public

Space in the United States.” Rockefeller Archive Center. February 26, 2019. https://rockarch.issuelab.org/resource/the-white-slavery-controversy-women-s-bodies-and-the-making-of-public-space-in-the-united-states.html

Harrison, Sarah. “Reconsidering the Use of the Terminology ‘Modern Day Slavery’ in the Human \

Trafficking Movement.” NSVRC. January 12, 2018. https://www.nsvrc.org/blogs/reconsidering-use-terminology-modern-day-slavery-human-trafficking-movement

“History of the ILO.” International Labour Organization. Accessed December 10, 2023.

https://www.ilo.org/global/about-the-ilo/history/lang--en/index.htm

Hughes, Donna. “Combating Sex Trafficking: A History.” Fair Observer, October 6, 2013.

https://www.fairobserver.com/region/north_america/combating-sex-trafficking-history/

 “Human Trafficking FAQs.” United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime. Accessed March 3, 2024.

https://www.unodc.org/unodc/en/human-trafficking/faqs.html

“Human Trafficking.” United Nations : Office on Drugs and Crime. Accessed December 10, 2023.

https://www.unodc.org/unodc/en/human-Trafficking/Human-Trafficking.html

Hwang, Byeongju. “US-11 Japanese Prisoner of War Interrogation Report No. 49: Korean

Comfort Women. 1944.” Comfort Women Resource Center. University of California Los Angeles. Accessed November 15, 2023. https://www.international.ucla.edu/cks/care/us_allieddocs/250902.

Iacobelli, Teresa. “Sex Problems as Social Problems: The Bureau of Social Hygiene, 1911-1934.”

RE: Source. Rockefeller Archive Center, January 10, 2022. https://resource.rockarch.org/story/bureau-of-social-hygiene-prostitution-history/

“Internet Crimes Against Children (ICAC) Task Force Program.” ICAC. Accessed March 3, 2024.

https://www.icactaskforce.org/

“Internet Crimes Against Children Task Force Program.” Office of Juvenile Justice and

Delinquency Prevention. Accessed March 3, 2024. https://ojjdp.ojp.gov/programs/internet-crimes-against-children-task-force-program

Johnson, Katie N., Tyler Groff, Tory Lowe, and Elias Tzoc. Prostitution and Brothel Drama in the

Progressive Era, 2015. https://brotheldrama.lib.miamioh.edu/

Kahn, Robert, and Michael Aaron Dennis. “Internet.” Last modified February 5, 2024.

https://www.britannica.com/technology/Internet

Kappelman, Lynn. “Prostitution in the Progressive Era: Reform Movements in Three Jurisdictions.”

Georgetown University, 1988. https://repository.library.georgetown.edu/handle/10822/1051287

“Key Legislation.” U.S. Department of Justice. August 23, 2023.

https://www.justice.gov/humantrafficking/key-legislation

“Key Terms & Definitions Standard Curriculum Toolkit, Section 1.2 Required Element.”

Combating Trafficking in Persons(CTIP) Program Management Office. June 2021. https://ctip.defense.gov/Portals/12/1%202_Key_Terms_and_Definitions_FY%2021_Final_v2.pdf

Kim, Jimin, Beverly Milner (Lee) Bisland, and Sunghee Shin. “Teaching about the Comfort Women

during World War II and the Use of Personal Stories of the Victims.” Asian Literature in the Humanities and the Social Sciences 24, no. 3 (Winter 2019): 58-63. www.asianstudies.org/wp-content/uploads/teaching-about-the-comfort-women-during-world-war-ii-and-the-use-of-personal-stories-of-the-victims.pdf

Knepper, Paul. “International Traffic in Women: Scandinavia and the League of Nations Inquiry of

1927.” Journal of Scandinavian Studies in Criminology and Crime Prevention 14, no. 1 (2013): 64-80. https://www.ojp.gov/ncjrs/virtual-library/abstracts/international-traffic-women-scandinavia-and-league-nations-0

Knepper, Paul. “The Investigation into the Traffic in Women by the League of Nations:

Sociological Jurisprudence as an International Social Project.” Law and History Review 34, no. 1 (2016): 45-73. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0738248015000656

 “Labor law highlights, 1915–2015.” Last modified October 2015.

https://www.bls.gov/opub/mlr/2015/article/pdf/labor-law-highlights-1915-2015.pdf

“The League of Nations.” United Nations. Accessed March 30, 2023.

https://www.ungeneva.org/en/about/league-of-nations/overview

Lederer, Laura J. “Force, Fraud and Coercion: Trafficking in a Historical Perspective.” U.S.

Department of State Archive. October 23, 2004. https://2001-2009.state.gov/g/tip/rls/rm/43613.htm

Leidholdt, Dorchen A. “Prostitution and Trafficking in Women: An Intimate Relationship.” Journal

of Trauma Practice 2, no. 3/4 (July 2003): 167–83. https://search-ebscohost-com.proxy.library.kent.edu/login.aspx?direct=true&AuthType=ip&db=a9h&AN=27652567&site=eds-live&scope=site

“Mann Act.” Cornell Law School, July 2020. https://www.law.cornell.edu/wex/mann_act

McKinney, David, D. “Immigration Special Agent Confronts Human Trafficking in 1914.” Last

modified August 1, 2016. https://www.cbp.gov/frontline/history-frontline-feature-1.

McVittie Reukauf, Diane. “Katherine Harwood Waller Barrett (1858–1925).” Last modified 2016.

https://www.lva.virginia.gov/public/dvb/bio.asp?b=Barrett_Katherine_Harwood_Waller

Merriam-Webster.com Legal Dictionary, s.v. “Labor Trafficking.” Accessed March 1, 2024.

https://www.merriam-webster.com/legal/labor%20trafficking

Merriam-Webster.com Dictionary, s.v. “prostitute,” accessed December 10, 2023,

https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/prostitute

“1979 Missing and Exploited Children's Movement.” U.S. Department of Justice. February 14,

2020. https://www.ojp.gov/ojp50/1979-missing-and-exploited-childrens-movement

Morris-Suzuki, Tessa, “The ‘Comfort Women’ Issue, Freedom Of Speech, And Academic

Integrity: A Study Aid,” The Asian-Pacific Journal: Japan Focus, March 1, 2021, https://apjjf.org/2021/5/morrissuzuki

“Occupied Japan 1945 - 1952: Gender, Class, Race.” Maryland Institute for Technology and

Humanities. Accessed February 25, 2024. https://archive.mith.umd.edu/gcr/public/displayTheme.php%3Fid=34.html

 “Overview: Progressive Era to New Era, 1900-1929.” The Library of Congress. Accessed

December 10, 2023. https://www.loc.gov/classroom-materials/united-states-history-primary-source-timeline/progressive-era-to-new-era-1900-1929/overview/

“Overview: Rise of Industrial America, 1876-1900.” The Library of Congress. Accessed December

10, 2023. https://www.loc.gov/classroom-materials/united-states-history-primary-source-timeline/rise-of-industrial-america-1876-1900/overview/

Prater, Tammy. “Kate Waller Barrett (1857–1925).” Last modified December 22, 2021. 

https://encyclopediavirginia.org/entries/barrett-kate-waller-1857-1925/

Purkayastha, Bandana, and Yousaf, Farhan Navid. 2018. Human Trafficking : Trade for Sex, Labor,

and Organs. Newark: Polity Press. Accessed March 14, 2023. ProQuest Ebook Central.

Qiu, Peipei. Chinese Comfort Women: Testimonies from Imperial Japan’s Sex Slaves. Edited

by Zhiliang, Su and Chen Lifei. New York: Oxford University Press, 2014. 254 pages.

Ramseyer, J. Mark. “Contracting for Sex in the Pacific War.” International Review of Law and

Economics 65 (March 2021): 105971. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.irle.2020.105971

Reuter. “20 Are Indicted As Leaders Of Ring Holding Deaf Mexicans.” August 20, 1997.

https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/politics/1997/08/21/20-are-indicted-as-leaders-of-ring-holding-deaf-mexicans/a031841a-a021-4a81-a203-4562064ab5fb/

Rodriguez, Junius P., ed. Slavery in the Modern World [2 Volumes] : A History of Political, Social,

and Economic Oppression [2 Volumes]. New York: Bloomsbury Publishing USA, 2011. Accessed March 30, 2023. https://ebookcentral.proquest.com/lib/kentstate/detail.action?docID=315088

“Second Wave Feminism: Collections,” GALE. Accessed December 10, 2023.

https://www.gale.com/primary-sources/womens-studies/collections/second-wave-feminism.

 

“Sex Work vs Trafficking: How They Are Different and Why It Matters.” Yale Global Health Justice

Partnership, June 2020. https://law.yale.edu/sites/default/files/area/center/ghjp/documents/issue_brief_sex_work_vs_trafficking_v2.pdf

Showalter, Dennis E., and John Graham Royde-Smith. “World War I: 1914–1918.” Last modified

March 10, 2024. https://www.britannica.com/event/World-War-I

 “Slavery.” Cornell Law School. May 2022. https://www.law.cornell.edu/wex/slavery

Smolak, Alex. “White Slavery, Whorehouse Riots, Venereal Disease, and Saving Women: Historical

Context of Prostitution Interventions and Harm Reduction in New York City during the Progressive Era.” Social Work in Public Health 28, no. 5 (2013): 496–508. https://doi.org/10.1080/19371918.2011.592083

“Special Action Programme to Combat Forced Labour.” International Labor Organization. April

15, 2013. https://www.ilo.org/global/topics/forced-labour/WCMS_210827/lang--en/index.htm

“Statement from the Press Secretary Regarding the Pardon of John Arthur ‘Jack’ Johnson.”

National Archives and Records Administration, May 24, 2018. https://trumpwhitehouse.archives.gov/briefings-statements/statement-press-secretary-regarding-pardon-john-arthur-jack-johnson/

Swanson, Elizabeth, and James Brewer Stewart, eds. 2018. “Understanding and Defining Slavery,

Then and Now.” Part. In Human Bondage and Abolition: New Histories of Past and Present Slaveries, 39–120. Slaveries since Emancipation. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

United Nations. “Trafficking in Women (1924-1926): The Paul Kinsie Reports for the League of

Nations - Vol. 2.” UN-iLibrary. July 2017. https://www.un-ilibrary.org/content/books/9789210601566

Uono, Shota and Jari K. Hietanen. “Eye contact perception in the West and East: a cross-

cultural study.” PloS one vol. 10,2 e0118094. February 25, 2015. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4340785/

Vanwesenbeeck, Ine. “The Making of ‘The Trafficking Problem.’” Archives of sexual behavior,

October 2019. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6746680/

“1994 Violent Crime Control and Law Enforcement Act.” U.S. Department of Justice. February 14,

2020. https://www.ojp.gov/ojp50/1994-violent-crime-control-and-law-enforcement-act

Weitzer, Ronald and Sheldon X. Zhang, ed.  2014. Human Trafficking: Recent Empirical Research.

SAGE Publications, Inc.

 “What is Modern Slavery?” U.S. Department of State. Accessed March 1, 2024.

https://2017-2021.state.gov/what-is-modern-slavery/

Yoshiaki, Yoshimi. Comfort Women: Sexual Slavery in the Japanese Military During World

War II. Translated by Suzanne O’Brien. New York: Columbia University Press, 1995. 253 pages. 

bottom of page